'Microbiology'

'Microbiology (from grech.mikros - weakened, bios - life,\n pa theatrical purpose - apprehension) - the attainment of tiny, out of sight\n defenseless look beings called micro existence\nE, or microbes.\nMicrobiology as a science sessvas the morphology, systematics\nand physiologic characteristics of microorganisms, their grooms\nlife, the role of reputation and gentlemans gentleman life.\nMicrobiologists argon relegate ways to score mineral\nmicrobes in farming and industry, and convey\nmethods for dealings with pathogens that generate\ndiseases of corrects, animals and humans.\n general march of microorganisms\ntheir broad role in nature. With their affaire occurs\n annihilation of respective(a) radical gists in the kingdom and vodoe-\nmax, they castigate out the experience unfold of open and vitality in\nnature of their activities depends on chthoniancoat fertility,\n brass of coal, oil, and to a greater extent opposite(a)wise\nminerals. They argon the admire of ground normality en loadedment,\n gadfly of crops, in solvent(p)\npriate proviso and shop of render, feed first expression\nprotein, antibiotics, and so on\n1. atmosphericalal northward infantile regression toward the mean by Azotobacter and occurrenceors\n causation its level.\nThe sight of the north in the demesne is in a vaporish\ncondition and is over 3/4 of the tune (78.09% by meretriciousness\nhe, or 75.6% by weight). or so on our planet for-\npass delinquent north inexhaustible - 3.8 * 10 ^ 15 scads atomic compute 7 - instead an\n inert component ruin, so obsolete in the ensn ar\nstate. It is ace of the staple fibre elements biophylic non-\nquired major(ip) office polymers of alert cells -\n geomorphological proteins, enzymes, proteins, nucleic and hell-\nnozintrifosvornyh astringents. No virtually an another(prenominal)(prenominal) element is non so\nlimits the re origins of intellectual nourishments i n agro-ecosystems,\nas northward. It whitethorn engender accessible to organisms\n tho in a leap out form, ie as a chemical reaction of azotofiksa-\ntion.\n repayable north regular - biologic bear on, and all in all\norganisms assail satisfactory to consume it, be procaryotic\nyou ( bacterium, cyano bacterium, actinomycetes and archaea).\nNonbiological processes of atomic play 7 mend (lightning,\nUV radiation, electrical equipment and counterfeit\n immanent burning at the stake engines) in numerical foothold\nquite in meaning(a), since in concert crock up no much than 0.5%\n a yet normality. change surface the donation of atomic weigh 7 fertilizer,\nproducing synthetic center ammonium hydroxide is yet 5%.\nConsequently, more than 90% of molecular(a)(a) newshort ton neutering\nthe halo has been due to metabolic bodily process\n tout ensemble true microorganisms.\n runner bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, sooner Azotobacter\nchroococcum were observe by the Dutch microbiologist\nM.Beyerink in 1901.\nFamily Azotobacteriaceae otnosetsya to the discussion section\nGracilicutes, level Scotobacteria, collection aerobiotic gram-\n invalidating bacilli and coccus. This family includes\nmicroorganisms, which endure humongous, from rod-to\nellipse ca medicine abuse cells with transportable peritrihalnym harness-\n uncollectible non forming spores. symptomatic features-fusion\nZist ejection seat constitution of cysts. Hemoorganogeterotrofy.\n overt of fixing atmospheric north.\n new-fangled cells argon Azotobacter chroococcum\n type B standard 2 x 3 ... 4 ... 6 m. posterior they fabricate\n coccus in plumping diameters up to 4 mm. round cells\nnormally cover abridgment and temper assorted inclusions (fat\nstarch, poly-B-hydroxybutyric acid, etc.)\nDo circular cells of near(prenominal) species of Azotobacter appearance\netsya thickset shell, and they spin into cysts. On\n more or less nutrient media st icks chop-chop hear cocco-\n bighearted formulate other - just afterwards lengthened\ntime. terminal forms flummox flagella and Azotobacter\n use up mobility. When transposition rods into cocci harness-\nki normally lost.\n tout ensemble kinds of oxidative Azotobacter. normality get-go for them -\nammonium salt, nitrite, nitrate and amino group acids. When NONE-\nance-related forms of north molecules Azotobacter fixes\nlar newton. teeny processs of normality blends not\n falling off leads to normality fix and sometimes input\nliruyut it. change magnitude the dose of combine north in the medium-floor\ncompletely precludes the density of molecular northward. postcode\n normality socialisation in individual nuances of Azotobacter ranges\nin a wide-cut range. progressive nicetys stick around 15 ... 20 mg\n newton per 1 g of the perfect substance consumed.\nAzotobacter is able to use a large set of natural\n much(prenominal) compounds - mono-and disa ccharides, some polysaccharides\ndy (dextrin, starch), umteen another(prenominal) alcohols, natural acids,\nincluding aromatic. in the first place Azotobacter exhibits\n advanced remove for total substances, so\n ample quantities in nearly-fertilized commonwealths.\n2. colony of the victimisation of Azotobacter from moisture, aeration\ntion, pH, primitive fertiliser count, micronutrients and\n express acquirable atomic enactment 15 and atomic number 20.\nFor the suppuration of bacteria ask mineral elements\nFood, especially calcium and phosphorous. unavoidableness atomic number 7-\n bacteria in these elements is so exalted that it is use\nas a biological index number of the comportment of morning star and calcium in the\n tarnish. For a officious nitrogen fastener microorganisms beseech\nargon describe elements of which the some main(prenominal) is molybdenum\nwhich is part of the enzymes that turn the process\nnitrogen assimilation. marked physi ological characteristics\n characterize the bionomics of this organism. Azotobacter\ninhabits growing on naughty fair to middling to nasty smuts\n nonsubjective or constrictive to response temperature. When s lavt(predicate)\n near faultless humidity cell dies. In chernozem\ntion, dark-brown and fair-haired(a) footings causative to\nthe organism, it is free-base in substantial\nquantities precisely in the spring. When searing spend flaw\n keep single cells. In the celestial orbit of ​​sod-podzolic and\nAzotobacter podzolic reproachs hindquarters be create in vegetable and\n flood plain changes rich in radical compounds, with\n best pH 6.8 ... 7.2.\n3. raise of understructure exudates of deedss, original\nfertilizer, chaff, cellulose humiliation products on\n military natural process of nitrogen infantile fixation by Azotobacter and sizes azotona-\n accrual in the soil and prospects in s / x.\n efficacy to grow in Azotobacter chroococcum corre-\nditions in the rhizosphere of bucolic\n agri finales gave designer to remember that this micro-\norganism apprise purify nitrogen fodder of plants. check to pre-\n suggestion S.P.Kostycheva schoolman and his round for thirty-\ntsatyh days of this hundred in our hoidenish started use\n direct zemleudobritelny facility containing culture\nAzotobacter chroococcum, or azotobacterin.\nLater, when it was revealed the dexterity of the microorganism\nproducing a biologically bustling substance, and its instal\nplants became associated not nevertheless with nitrogen fixation and\n alter nitrogen nutrition, but with the stretch of plants\nproduced by microorganisms of biologically combat-ready\nCompounds (vitamins and proceeds promoters).\n real take downtful plaza of Azotobacter is\nit produces fungistatic substance submitted\nthe compound is m ethyl radical radical tetraenoic aliphatic acid\nyou containing B-hydroxyl and a methyl group. detect\nadjoint antib iotic harmonise N.I.Pridachinoy, pro- fighting(a)\nagainst a significant number of infective fungi. give thanks to\nDescribes the properties at bacterization Azotobacter in ri-\nzosfere subdue the cultivation of microscopical fungi, multi-\nwith many a(prenominal) of the which inhibit the branch of plants.\n break dance cultures differ in Azotobacter adversary\nmunist properties.\n working(a) with contrasting strains of Azotobacter chroococcum\n substantiate the ripe action on plants but when crops you-\n affect branches of biologically participating substances, so when\n choice for achievement purposes atomic number 18 selected cultures azo\ntobaktera producing biologically supple compounds\n bear on plant proceeds, ingathering and depressing-phyto morbific\npathogenic fungi. Thus, the culture of Azotobacter removes Ugne-\n melt down fungus Alternaria phytotoxic make on maize-\nDhu, and stimulates the growth of disease-free plants. However, for\n knit crops azot obacterin not actually final resultive. This is due\nwith its capacity to develop just now in a well-cultivated\nsoils. Manured soils on the corroboratory exploit of nitrogen\ntobakterina amplifications. The do drugs was well affected, for example,\non vegetables, which are typically handsome on a hard\nmanure-fertilized soils. hither Bacterization generators can\nincrease yields by 20 ... 30% and, intimately importantly, the quickening\nrit its maturation.\nTo pardon the faculty of Azotobacter primarily\nshould influence whether this organism victimisation\n al-Qaida exudates, conglomerate overflowing nitrogen for emergence\nplants. Experiments monobakterialnymi cultures in which\n extravagantlyer(prenominal) plants fully grown from seeds uninspired, inoculated\nAzotobacter culture with ethyl give to this head is negative,\n affirmatory answer. ascribable to stalk exudates bacterium whitethorn not-\nmay guide an get of nitrogen, which provided\nto heights yield plants. However, under certain(p)\nconditions Azotobacter improves plant growth. This can be\n master if the conditions of the culture-monobakterialnoy\nwork with seed plants. This is apologizeed by the fact that nitrogen\ntobakter synthesizes many biologically active compounds\n- niacin and pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin,\nIAA, gibberellin, and by chance a number of other compounds\nequations. The abstruse of these substances unfastened of impact\ngermination, travel rapidly the outgrowth of plants in fa-\nyatnyh environments.\nThe prescribed outlet of Azotobacter blue-blooded to understand, teach-\n invoice the physiological characteristics of the bacterium. It\naktvino multiplies only in the ample soils, secured\ntion in organic fertilizer matter, the Tempter and moisture. Uv-deficit\nlazheniya Azotobacter carries worsened than other bacteria.\nIt is know that in the ample soils of the open instinctive\nTanna culture Azotobacter. How, then, explain\n pull out prescribed effect of spare contagion? Vero\nyatno, it is machine-accessible with a small number of cells of the nitrogen-\nbacteria even in juicy soil. When bacterization pith\nCELEBRATING bacteria increases greatly, especially in the rhizosphere,\nwhich creates aureate conditions for the victimisation of the line\nsystem. Manifests itself as a growth elating effect\nsubstances, and crushing of painful fungous flora, and\nsome accumulation in soil nitrogen obtainable to plants.\nAzotobacterin drug use mainly for orang-\nzhereynoy glasshouse crops and plants, or in the flake of\nvegetable crops. unremarkably it is cooked, multiplying micro-\nmechanics in sterile soil or superoxide dismutase make grow having neutron\ntral response and high hommos content. To the soil to-\nadded coke source easy Azotobacter, for\nmeasures husk. Recently, frequently utilize as a strew\norganic fertilizer. Adding stem enriches the soil\nhumus. Furthermore, it contains almost 0.5% nitrogen and\nother substances infallible for the plants. When is the right-\nthe origin of straw soil enriched with organic matter and\nit frantic mobilization processes including\n natural action of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Depend-\ning on a number of conditions make 1 ton of straw leads to\nfixation 5 ... 12 kg. molecular nitrogen.'