Individual Report on Econometric Models The WritePass Journal

Singular Report on Econometric Models Setting Singular Report on Econometric Models ) additionally brought up. Also, the model obviously sought after a gauge for numerous conditions in the examination, whereby the quantity of these conditions were commensurate to the quantity of classifications less 1. The examination likewise demonstrated that every condition displayed the chances of being in a class, which is steady with the arranged logit model (Sadler, 2008; Allegrezza and Dubrocard, 2012). Note that the utilization of the previously mentioned models for the two investigations was reliable with their goal to evaluate or quantify factors so as to think of target and methodical outcomes for the connection among salary and joy. The two investigations selected to utilize information from set up informational indexes (ESS and GSS) to obviously encourage speculation of discoveries, with which they were fruitful. It might be called attention to that Oshio and colleagues’ (2011) results were compatible withâ Caporale and colleagues’ (2009), mirroring the legitimacy of the latter’s discoveries.  References Aldrich, J. H.m Alt, J. E., and Lupia, A. (2007) Positive Changes in Political Science: The Legacy of Richard D. McKelvey’s Most Influential Writings. Michigan: University of Michigan. Allegrezza and Dubrocard (2012) Internet Econometrics. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan. Caporale, G. M., Georgellis, Y., Tsitsianis, N., Yin, Y. P. (2009) Income and bliss across Europe: Do reference esteems matter? Diary of Economic Psychology, 30(1), 42-51. Gailmard, S. (2014) Statistical Modeling and Inference for Social Science. NY: Cambridge University Press. Gill (2008) Bayesian Methods: A Social and Behavioral Sciences Approach, Second Edition. NW: Chapman Hall/CRC.  Jones, A. (2007) Applied Econometrics for Health Economists: A Practical Guide. Second Edition. Oxon: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd.â  Oshio, T., Nozak, K., and Kobayashi, M. (2011) Relative salary and joy in Asia: Evidence from across the country reviews in China, Japan, and Korea. Social Indicators Research, 104 (3), 351-367.  Sadler, A. M. (2008) Determinants of Entrepreneurial Behavior among Immigrant and Non-Immigrant University Scientists in the US: The Impact of Cultural Predispositions and Learning. MI: ProQuest LLC.

Biomedical model of health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biomedical model of wellbeing - Essay Example It expect that disease is brought about by variations from the norm in the body working as opposed to some other outer reasons. For instance, a large number of the heart issues, type two diabetics and so on are subject to the person’s activities and convictions as indicated by this hypothesis as opposed to some other elements. It for the most part deals with the physical procedures, for example, the pathology, the natural chemistry and the physiology of a sickness instead of the social or individual components. Current western medication is acknowledged biomedical model as the base of their clinical practices. This hypothesis considers our body simply like a machine. Like machine parts the harmed human parts should have been fixed or supplanted so as to keep a sound wellbeing. So, western model of medication asserts that the main legitimate method of surveying a patient is through the biomedical model of wellbeing. This paper basically investigations the above case The focal point of organic model is on physical causes. It accept that mental and social procedure has very few associations with the malady procedure (Taylor, p.11). â€Å"Social and mental components may be acknowledged as being of intrigue, however not with respect to genuine disease† (Brain, p.257) The specialist will solicit the subtleties from the malady and the patient will be encouraged to experience lab tests to screen temperature, beat, circulatory strain and so forth. In view of the lab results and organic etiologies, the doctor will recommend a restorative arrangement for the patient (The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Illness). Biomedical model of wellbeing accept that rather than consolidated exhibitions, an individual’s body and psyche may work autonomously and cause physical or mental issues to the individual. For instance, dietary problem is a significant issue for some individuals. For this situation, rather than any outer elements, the mental or mental variables are making issues the individual. At the end of the day the physical sickness of dietary issue is brought about by mental factors and prescriptions for the adjustment of the

Seeple Snapshot Leah Verghese, MPA 2014 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Seeple Snapshot Leah Verghese, MPA 2014 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Name: Leah Verghese Hometown: Cochin, India Degree/Year: MPA 2014   I worked in a non-profit in India working in education [before coming to SIPA.] I wanted to get an academic grounding and develop my analytical skills. Im on a Fulbright, and over the summer, I did a fellowship called Education Pioneers. I worked in the Office of the Mayor in Bridgeport, Connecticut. I worked on education, youth development and public health. At SIPA, I’m on the board of the Journal of International Affairs. I was also on the Education Collaborative Board. I did my undergrad in law in Banglore, India. The University was called National Law School of India University. I worked in a company for four years as an in-house counsel, and then I moved to the development sector. After SIPA, I hope to be working in public health or education, or preferably something that combines both. I hope to be doing project management so I can combine academic work with real-life applications. Since I’m in this field, it makes sense for me to be in a developing country, and I am familiar with India. My favorite part about Columbia is that I have access to all the other schools and Ive been able to take amazing courses at the Mailman School and Teacher’s College. Ive also taken art history and classes in the MESAAS department. There’s a lot of events that happen on campus in the different departments, so that’s been one of the most enjoyable things for me.

The Military Draft An Unwise Solution Essay - 1357 Words

The Military Draft: An Unwise Solution The United States of Americas military is currently involved in two major wars with U.S. opposition in Afghanistan and Iraq. All though both of these efforts can be said to be in the clean-up stages, many more soldiers will be needed to stabilize the regions, to provide police work, and to fight the insurgencies that have risen in opposition to the invasion of U.S. troops into foreign lands. The current presidential administration states that to adequately deal with the problems of post-war Iraq and unstable Afghanistan the United States needs to increase the number of active-duty soldiers serving over-seas. Top officials in the administration have said that a reorganization of the military†¦show more content†¦A group of people who are morally or logically opposed to war ? to war in general or to the current war specifically ? would make terrible soldiers because the nature of being a soldier is to put your life and personal interests on the line to support a cause. Wi thout personal determination and belief that a cause is right or just, the adequate effort to succeed in war can never be fully given. Evidence of these formerly-mentioned consequences was apparent when the draft was instated in 1969 to aid the American effort in Vietnam. The quantity of soldiers increased, but the quality of their efforts decreased. Many soldiers who were drafted refused to go. Some made efforts to stop the war from the inside, and some even sabotaged their own troops. This was because many of the people drafted to fight felt that it was not their war, and that they had no real interest in its outcome. These examples of the detrimental effects of the Vietnam draft should be enough evidence to show that the draft does not work. Many say that the draft is justified because every American has to cooperate in the shared sacrifice of a nation at war. They believe that, as citizens, all Americans have the responsibility to personally relate to the military goals of the U.S. and to take on a part of the burden, but military service and war have never been of equal interest to all. Where do the distinctions lie between equality in society andShow MoreRelatedThe Arizona Constitution Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pagesafter fighting against Britain 1783 United States and Great Britain signed the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783 1812-1815 America’s Independence was confirmed after the War of 1812 between United States and Great Britain 1821 Mexico gained military control of Arizona 1848 Through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo the United States won the Mexican War and gained all of Arizona 1853 United states gained the rest of Arizona by the Gadsden Purchase 1861 The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the beginningRead MorePoli3001 Political Regime China and the Usa Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesand fair elections† and a â€Å"competitive political process† Walecki (2003, 1), with its market operating on a capitalistic, neo-liberal level that favours de-regulated government controls and according to (Campbell and Pederson 2001, 5) â€Å"free-market solutions to economic problems, rather than bargaining or indicative planning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Such a society is marked by features such as freedom of speech, investment from the domestic and international market, a generally high standard of living and high personal incomeRead MoreChildhood Obesity : An Outbreak Of National Importance Essay2138 Words   |  9 Pagesinvasion of the citizen’s freedom to live the life that they want to pursue. These conservatives understand that adolescent obesity is a problem in which we need to consider in our country, however, disagree about the government s interference as a solution. Along with these ideological conflicts, the opposers of the law are citing student-led resistance to the new regulations. Students in a school in Milwaukee, actually boycotted the new lunches (McLaughlin 2012). These students proclaimed that theseRead MorePenn State Scandal - Human Behavior Essay3507 Words   |  15 PagesPenn State’s football program impacted leadership’s poor decision making prior to and during this scandal, and the abuse of power in order to preserve success and safeguard the university’s illustrious reputation. Finally, I will present plausible solutions, as a â€Å"way ahead† to ensure this type of situation does not happen in the future and promote a renewed positive culture change. Major Players According to the outcome of an internal review led by Louis Freeh, former FBI director, the most powerfulRead MoreStrategic Human Resources Management: a Review of the Literature and a Proposed Typology10855 Words   |  44 Pageshuman resource management practices. As a result, it is difficult to compare a p proaches. Further, it is difficult to evaluate strategic solutions to human resource problems or human resource solutions to strategic problems relative to the more traditional approach of using human resource management-based solutions to human resource problems a n d strategic solutions to deal with competitive threats. The computer industry provides a n example of using human resources to solve a strategic problem. OneRead MoreStrategic Human Resources Management: a Review of the Literature and a Proposed Typology10845 Words   |  44 Pageshuman resource management practices. As a result, it is difficult to compare a p proaches. Further, it is difficult to evaluate strateg ic solutions to human resource problems or human resource solutions to strategic problems relative to the more traditional approach of using human resource management-based solutions to human resource problems a n d strategic solutions to deal with competitive threats. The computer industry provides a n example of using human resources to solve a strategic problem. OneRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 PagesWikipedia quickly removed it for the lack attribution but journalists †¢ E.g. Cover page of economist: President Obama at oil spill (cut a lonely figure: portrays the multitude of problems faced by America and his helplessness in coming up with solutions): Photoshopped †¢ Inherent bias/political slants †¢ E.g. Fox news channel headed by Republican supporters often portray Democrats in a negative light. Fox’s anchorman compared the logo of the recent nuclear technology forums, approved by PresidentRead MoreThe Social Impact of Drug Abuse24406 Words   |  98 PagesCocaine abuse has put a heavy burden on communities in many countries, frequently overloading welfare, treatment and law enforcement agencies. 8 Notes 1. LaMond Tullis, Illegal Drugs in Nine Countries: Socioeconomic and Political Consequences, Draft report prepared for UNRISD at Geneva and the United Nations University at Tokyo, 23 December 1993. United States Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, Executive Summary, AprilRead MoreBest article11361 Words   |  46 Pageshim that he may be just a man to most people, â€Å"but to me you are a god.†8 While recovering from minor surgery, he received over 3,000 cards and gifts from employees, including an intravenous drip set-up— but with Wild Turkey rather than saline solution. He also smokes five packs of cigarettes a day. He said, â€Å"I’ve always felt that there’s no reason that work has to be suffused with seriousness, that professionalism can’t be worn lightly. Fun is a stimulant to people. They enjoy their work moreRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

Modern American Culture and Individualism Essay - 1019 Words

The 20th century is considered to be a money culture. Materialism, a devotion to making money and to having a good time are all products of a money making culture. All of technology is controlled by an interest in private profit (Dewey, p15). Sigmund Freud and John Dewy both see this day in age as a time devoted to the â€Å"scientific revolution† and profit from this drastic advance in mankind. Civilization, as we know it today, is largely to blame for the misery of the common people. The American people no longer have a sense of individualism. Luxuries have become a necessity instead of a vice and materialism has become a way of life. The characteristics of the modern world surround the importance of the attainment of material possessions†¦show more content†¦People are notably marked as suffering from their insecurities causing them great unrest, impatience and irritation. People expand in their feverish love of anything as long as it is a change which is distracti ng, (Dewey, p28) and so long as this is happening the results (impatience, unsettlement, nervous discontentment and this desire for excitement) are not native elements of human nature. These feelings stem from the rapid industrialization that took people unaware causing those feelings of being mentally and morally unprepared (Dewey, p8). Therefore, instead of the development of individuals in this evolution, there is a preservation of the whole ideal of individualism to conform to the practices this culture (Dewey, p9). Conformity is what is to blame for the lack of individualism in America Aims and standards become confused beyond recognition. The tragedy of this sort of individual is due to the fact that while individuals are now caught up into a vast complex of associations, there is no harmonious and coherent reflection of the import of these contradictions into the imaginative and emotional outlook on life (Dewey, p41). However, the American mind is still new and develop ing. America is also one of the most influential cultures in the world sweeping across nations shaping a newShow MoreRelatedWhite Fragility Is An Essay By Robin Diangelo1503 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation poorly converse and interacts with the racial social construct that resides in modern American culture. Not privileged with the opportunity to ignore racial tensions, blacks are ready to discuss the disadvantages they face daily in America’s white privileged culture. DiAngelo states that since whites have not had been forced to develop a mode of conversing about racial inequalities in black culture; therefore whites become uncomfortable, evasive, and angry. Because of evasive language whenRead MoreThe Current Value Of America1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe current value that America holds on to the closest is individualism. According to a study conducted by Pew Global, â€Å"nearly six-in-ten (58%) Americans believe it is more important for everyone to be free to pursue t heir life’s goals without interference from the state† (â€Å"The American-Western European†, 21). This number is quite high compared to other countries, such as Britain with 38% and Germany with 26%, and attributes to our nation’s ideology. America was founded to be independent and freeRead MoreRichard Rodriguez s Brown : The Last Discovery Of America1135 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica is a melting pot of different people, culture, and religion. Although there are millions of different people from different parts of the world, it s citizens would like to appear united and patriotic. To foreigners, every person living in the United States is an American; however, within the country, there are divisions among the society through a concept called race. No citizen calls themselves an American to another American. The individual labels themselves Hispanics, Asians, [or]Read MoreJemimah Ejikeme,. Professor Clack. En 207A. 27 March 20171320 Words   |  6 P agesPuritan: Is the 21st Century America influenced by the Puritan ideology? American Puritanism began from a crusade for reform in the Church of England, which had a great socio-economic, political, theological and ethical influence on American as a Nation. A close focus on how the 21st century America emulated the Puritan moral/value and how these vales has been intertwined with the thinking process the average American. This comparative writing will enumerate on a brief history of the PuritansRead MoreThe Importance Of Cultural History On Culture1294 Words   |  6 Pagesunlearned behavior that all species encounter. Humans are different than other creatures. Humans need social experiences from their culture to survive (Macionis, 2002-04). Humans are the only creatures that depend on culture instead of instinct to survive (Harris, 1987). Culture is something that has be learned. We are not born with culture, but however born into culture. We are not handed our habits and beliefs, rather they are obtained through social experiences. We learn our language , values, moralsRead MoreThe Importance Of Social Work1507 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding diversity and individual differences are the very important tools to be closely connected to people in need. As a matter of fact, social work strongly emphasizes cultural competence due to the delivery of services to people with different cultures. Cultural competence allows social workers to increase the ability to understand viewing situations and be able to provide effective practice to individuals, families, groups, and communities. As we all know, it is critically important forRead MorePolitical Philosophy and User Responses1444 Words   |  6 PagesTake the Chapter 02 Exam Section: Intro to US Government F 2014 flanery,daniel Submitted: 9/3/2014 1:38:33 AM 1. populism equality individualism republicanism fatalism Grade: User Responses: Feedback: b. c. d. e. Government should be involved in protecting the health of the financial industry over individual citizens’ rights. Government should allow the market economy to be free and unrestricted. Government should not obstruct individuals’ efforts to obtain propertyRead MoreThe Reading Of Interest Is Anybody s Son Will Do By Gwynne Dyer981 Words   |  4 Pages which in return creates efficiency. Dyer argues that any man can be changed through physical and mental pressure, isolation and exhaustion, all after losing their civilian identities. Dyer focuses on resocialization and the deprivation of individualism in the process of basic training for the civilians and also shows the drill sergeants point of view. The beginning of the article focuses on the emotion and feelings of killing a man in battle. Then starts to analysis the process of basic trainingRead MoreJohn Ford’s acclaimed film The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962) is well-known among cinema buffs800 Words   |  4 PagesThis vision is one that imagines the cultural transition of America from an unsettled land to a modern state. What is lost in the transition is the spirit of the true outlaw, which stands as a symbol of individualism. Individualism is a crucial observation because it sheds light on the theme of the film, which is that of the American identity. What Ford articulates in the film is a vision of the American character that is rooted in the heritage of the Old West and in the doctrines of freedom and libertyRead MoreThe Japanese American National Museum1354 Words   |  6 Pages The Japanese American National Museum is located in the heart of Little Tokyo, surrounded by many ramen diners, mini malls, and japanese boutiques. The museum opens up chronologically, starting off by displaying the migration of the Japanese with their aspirations to start a new life in America. After many displays of progress and struggles, the bombing of Pearl Harbor resulted in Japanese evacuation and eventually the internment of the Japanese as the United States entered World War Two. After

Genocide Free Essays

The term genocide was not coined until 1943 when Raphael Lamkin used it to describe the Nazi reign in Europe (ROD notes). Genocide refers to the systematic destruction of a racial or cultural group. Two examples of this are the Holocaust and the Rape of Nanking. We will write a custom essay sample on Genocide or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Holocaust deals with the Nazi’s takeover of Europe during World War II, and the Rape of Nanking is the Japanese invasion of China in the late 1930’s. These events in history serve a painful reminder of the cruelest depths of human nature, but also of the possibilities that lie within every catastrophe. Bystanders always play a key role in any event, whether they have a positive or negative effect on the outcome of the situation at hand. Most, if not all, of the bystanders during the Rape of Nanking were western missionaries that happened to be in China at that time. Among them were doctors, a filmmaker, and even a Nazi. The filmmaker was a man named John Magee whose films have helped historians unlock some of the mysteries about that gruesome time. Rab was another bystander who happened to be a Nazi with connections to Adolf Hitler. He contacted Hitler and told him of the current atrocities in Nanking and asked for assistance in fighting the Japanese; assistance that was later denied. All of the Westerners decided to take action in this situation by setting up the International Safety Zone, which harbored 300,000 Chinese refugees, in the center of Nanking. This assistance helped the people of Nanking to a phenomenal degree. On the contrary, the bystanders during the Holocaust did very little to help the victims. The bystanders during the Holocaust were mainly the Germans who lived in the surrounding areas of the concentration camps. Most of these Germans had an idea of what was going on, yet they did nothing. They had an ignorant mindset; they did not want to know and they did not care. Due to this ignorance many war crimes and crimes against humanity were committed in both cases (Horvath). During the Rape of Nanking there were many war crimes and crimes against humanity that occurred. The Japanese soldiers gathered thousands of Chinese women and forced them to live in barracks while being raped on a daily basis. They raped women of all ages, from little girls whom they cut due to their pre-pubescent age to old women into their 80’s (AE). This extensive raping is considered a crime against humanity. There were many war crimes committed by the Japanese soldiers during the Rape of Nanking. They used the prisoner’s of war for bayonet practice, and also held killing contests in which the Japanese officers vied to see who could kill the most people and get the highest body count. An interesting fact about the Japanese is that they were contemptuous of those who surrendered. They considered surrendering to be dishonorable and therefore felt as though it downgraded the surrendering Chinese soldiers to the level of animals. These Chinese soldiers were then shot on sight (AE). Many more crimes were committed during these eight tragic weeks. The crimes that were committed during the Holocaust partially resemble the atrocities at Nanking. In the Holocaust people were also gathered and forced to live in barracks, but unlike Nanking they were killed for a reason. People were selected on the basis of race and religion; this is discrimination which is a crime against humanity. The largest group of those unfortunately selected, was the Jews. They were killed in masses and tortured through experimentation. Those who were barricaded in the death camps were deprived of food and proper hygiene which caused the spread of many diseases and eventually more deaths. The carnage that took place at both Nanking and during the Holocaust was due to the horrible crimes that were committed. One would hope that the offenders of these crimes would receive an equally harsh punishment (Horvath). At the conclusion of each event there was a war crime trial held. After Nanking the Tokyo War Crime Trial took place, but did not serve justice. Only eight men were killed during this process. There were seven â€Å"A class† criminals that were hung, and General Matsui was also killed. Some others spent a few years in jail and then were left to continue with their lives. In fact, the man actually responsible for the crimes committed at Nanking, Prince Yusuhiko Asaka, was never even prosecuted for his role. The Nuremburg trials were held at the summation of the Holocaust (AE). Although justice can never be served to those who were killed and tortured in the Nazi camps and their families, the Nuremburg trials had a better outcome than that of the Tokyo trials. Many Nazi soldiers were sought out and sentenced to death for war crimes committed during the Holocaust. Unfortunately, many Nazi’s fled the country when the Americans invaded Germany and found harbor in African countries (Horvath). Both trials hardly reversed the injustices that were brought upon the victims of each incident. There are many long-term effects that have been brought upon by the Holocaust and the Rape of Nanking. One positive effect taken from these events is the heightened world-wide prevention of genocide. Many countries around the world have tried to intervene in such places as Bosnia, Cambodia, and Kosovo in order to deter those who are attempting to kill masses of innocent people (Horvath). In the minds of nearly all Japanese, the Rape of Nanking never occurred. Its story is neither told nor taught in schools, and those who have accused the Japanese government of concealing the truth have been threatened or killed. If you were to visit Japan and inquire upon many average citizens about this event, they would have no knowledge of the carnage or even the occurrence of Nanking. Although, there are those Japanese fanatics who worship the Japanese soldiers during Nanking as Gods and have set up shrines in honor of them (AE). The atmosphere in Germany is a bit different, but has similar qualities as well. The overall German population today is very ashamed of the war criminals that represented their country. However, many current Nazi enthusiasts deny that the Holocaust ever happened. This declaration comes as a heart breaking hit to the survivors and their families (Horvath). These survivors must live the rest of their lives with the haunting and painful memories that remain vivid in their minds. At the chance that those memories subside, they are still left with the physical scars that remind them daily. The Rape of Nanking and the Holocaust are two events that have had a significant impact upon the world. There will always remain the memories of the wide-spread raping and murdering at Nanking. The mass executions and torture during the Holocaust will also linger forever in the minds of numerous survivors and their relations. Hopefully, both occasions will serve as a reminder to all people of the possibilities that can occur when you release your civil liberties. These agonizing events can never be expunged from history and no trial can ease the pangs of the victims of these crimes. Remember these victims, but more importantly learn through their experiences. How to cite Genocide, Papers

Developed In Relation Providing Relevant †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: How To The Developed In Relation Providing Relevant? Answer: Introducation Auditors plays a very vital role in evaluating the actual position of the of the company in relation with both financial as well as non financial aspects. All the books of the company are being evaluated by the auditors. There are two types of auditors who indulge in the auditing practices. These two types of auditors are internal auditors and external auditors. Internal auditors are the auditors which are available in the company and are being paid by the company so as to provide audit reports of the same. On the other hand external auditors are the auditors team who comes to the organization for auditing its financial as well as non financial aspects and evaluate all set of information related with the same. External auditors could also organize surprise audit to ensure that the quality of the product manufactured by the organization and the services availed to the customers are meeting the standards. As these auditors do very crucial tasks hence it is required that their independe nce should be focused upon. It is being studied that auditors independence is being affected with various processes which are required to be evaluated so as to provide effective set of services to the same and to ensure that proper set of independence should be availed to them which could help them in remaining motivated to work in an effective way in near future. Body Of The Essay Brief History of Auditor Independence The auditing profession is a profession which is being organized around the central ethical conflict Client hires the auditor and pays the fees for the work done by the same but it is required that the in this process independence should be provided to the auditors which adheres to the professionals covenant with the society so that the audit could be completed in the interest of the public (Mayhew, Schatzberg, Sevcik, 2013). Independence of the auditors is appeared to maintain with various number of detailed rules about the forbidden commercial and the familial relationship which is being developed between the auditor as well as client (Machado de Almeida, 2015). In the reality it is being evaluated that the independence of the auditors independence of making the judgment has been proved to be more difficult to be legislated. The independence of the auditors is being regarded as a corner stone in the capital formation process by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (Johari, Mohd-Sanusi, Chong, 2017). It is also being stated that independence is an important aspect attached with the auditors as it is required that proper set of freedom should be provided to them so that they could work according to their standards and ensure to prove appropriate set of information to the organizations for which audit is being processed by them (Ianniello, 2012). With the help of the studies it is being evaluated that the accountants are the gatekeepers of the financial market because they provide the assurance of maintaining the quality and integrity of the financial information (Carey, Monroe, Shailer, 2014). The market of the capital becomes far less efficient when the accountants are not being provided appropriate set of support of the accountants in managing the activities of the same. It is necessary that all the standards should be maintained and the independence should be provided to the accountants so that they could avail effective set of information related with the financial system and provide appropriate support to financial market (Blay, Geiger, 2012). It is being intensified in the recent years that the professional accounting is under the considerable economic pressure. With the help of the market surveys it is being evaluated that the audit industry is not a growing industry in present scenario (Arya, Glover, 2014). The industry is failing to provide appropriate profitability in providing the auditing services which is hindering in processing the auditing services in an effective way as the auditors are not being availed the effective as well as appropriate set of pay for indulging in the same process due to which they face issues in delivering the information to the market (Zerni, et. al., 2012). Technology is one of the aspects which have a direct impact on the processes of auditing and financial management services. It is being evaluated that everything is being changed due to the up gradation of the information technology (Sulistyowati, Supriyati, 2016). New IT services are changing everything present in the market. A great impact is being seen in the auditing industry due to the new IT processes of handling and maintaining the books as well as financial transactions of the company. A new post of the industrial paradigm of the wealth creation is being created due to the changes in the technology and these aspects are changing the ways in which the people prefer to perform the tasks and do their jobs of maintaining the track records of all the financial as well as non financial statements of the company (Seetharaman, Moorthy, Saravanan, 2008). Recent Development Evaluating the growth in the crisis it is being embarked by AICPA to set the initiatives which will help in conceptualizing the future of the financial reporting system as well as auditing. In 1991 the Special Committee on the Financial Reporting was formed in order to address all the concerns related with the relevance as well as usefulness of the business reporting (Roy, 2015). There were certain set of decisions which were being taken by the committee in relation with providing support to the auditors interest and helping them to process the work related with providing auditing services (Reiter, Williams, 2014). These aspects will help the auditors in evaluating all set of frauds; assurance will be made that proper independence as well as objectivity of the independent auditors. In this committee decisions related with the discourage unwarranted litigation which will inhibit the innovation and will be undermining the professional abilities which are to be met which involves the financial reporting needs and will help in strengthening the audit disciplinary system (Plender, Plender, 2007). The charge is being taken by ISB to develop the conceptual framework for the independence to serve as the foundation of the development of the standards which are principle based (Oladipupo, Izedonmi, 2013). Independence of the auditors was like a battle which was launched in October 1977 when the initial meeting of IS was held with AICPA in which White Paper proposal for the independence issues was provided. White Paper Independence proposal was provided so as to review the independence concept which was proposed in which rejection for the same was recommended as it was against the standards of the auditing concept. It was also being reviewed that each firm will have to develop the independence code and should be reviewed by ISB (Mayhew, Schatzberg, Sevcik, 2013). There were certain set of questions which were observed whether the ISB will succeed in making the dramatic progress. It was being evaluated that whether the Independence Standards Board will succeed in providing the breakthrough in the approach of auditors independence (Machado de Almeida, 2015). Various essential decisions in relation with the break with the tradition and the old ways of thinking that certain changes should be availed in the traditional processes and proper set of support should be availed to the auditors in making the decisions in relation with the auditing processes. Independence is really a one of the biggest matter of concern in the auditing process, in which ISC is taking an appropriate set of initiatives so as to provide relevant set of support to the auditors with the help of which auditors are being availed the support system for the independence of the same (Johari, Mohd-Sanusi, Chong, 2017). It is required that the auditors should be provided the independence so that they could develop effective auditing and could gather relevant set of information related with the fina ncial statements of the company and help in maintaining the decorum of the market Although technology is playing a very vital role in tracking and maintaining the information related with financial data and controlling the financial activities in the market (Ianniello, 2012). It is also being evaluated that more accuracy as well as fast services are being availed by the technology but it is required that the auditors should be provided the opportunity to analyze the data related with company because auditors are the people who prefer to avail well detailed analysis of the financial statements with the effect of which a path to develop the strategies could be availed to the organization so as to move on the path of success as well as sustainability with the effect of which organizations could sustain and succeed to gain the financial benefits (Carey, Monroe, Shailer, 2014). It is being evaluated that Independence is an abstract concept which is difficult to define in both general as well as in the particular state to the accountants who are certified (Blay, Geiger, 2012). Essentially to gain the independence it is required that the auditors should ensure to provide the services with honesty, integrity, courage, and character. In simple terms it could be said that the independence could be availed to the auditors if they will follow all the instructions and provide the better set of services to the people for whom they are providing the auditing services (Arya, Glover, 2014). Conclusion There are varieties of questions which have arisen by understanding the recent controversies which are related with the independence of the auditors. One of the question is the is the economic based concept related with the independence of the auditors is an economic imperative or it is the process which represent the death of the profession. Another question which arises is whether the profession will help in the survival of realignment of the attest, assurance and advisory function in present dynamic as well as global environment. It could be suggested that inadequate metaphor for the independence are partially to blame the profession which the lacks the progress of the process of the independence principles of the auditors. It could be concluded that the auditors should get proper set of support to remain independent and should get freedom to ensure that they could process their work in an effective way and should avail appropriate set of services to the companies for which they a re indulged in the auditing processes. References Arya, A., Glover, J. (2014). Auditor Independence Revisited.Journal Of Accounting, Auditing Finance,29(2), 188-198. Blay, A., Geiger, M. (2012). Auditor Fees and Auditor Independence: Evidence from Going Concern Reporting Decisions*.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(2), 579-606. Carey, P., Monroe, G., Shailer, G. (2014). Review of Post-CLERP 9 Australian Auditor Independence Research.Australian Accounting Review,24(4), 370-380. Ianniello, G. (2012). Non-Audit Services and Auditor Independence in the 2007 Italian Regulatory Environment.International Journal Of Auditing,16(2), 147-164. Johari, R., Mohd-Sanusi, Z., Chong, V. (2017). Effects of Auditors' Ethical Orientation and Self-Interest Independence Threat on the Mediating Role of Moral Intensity and Ethical Decision-Making Process.International Journal Of Auditing,21(1), 38-58. Machado de Almeida, B. (2015). Empirical observation of the criteria for independence in auditing: Perception of auditors and teachers.Tkhne,13(1), 12-24. Mayhew, B., Schatzberg, J., Sevcik, G. (2013). The Effect of Accounting Uncertainty and Auditor Reputation on Auditor Independence.SSRN Electronic Journal, 145-147. Oladipupo, A., Izedonmi, F. (2013). Propensity of Unqualified Audit Reports and Auditors Independence in Nigeria.African Research Review,7(3), 122-125. Plender, J., Plender, J. (2007).Auditors and independence(1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: International Finance Corporation. Reiter, S., Williams, P. (2014). The History And Rhetoric Of Auditor Independence Concepts.Journal Of Auditor Independence Concepts,12(1), 134-135. Roy, M. (2015). Statutory Auditors' Independence in Corporate Accounting Scandals: A Case Study of Satyam Computer Services Ltd.Prabandhan: Indian Journal Of Management,8(2), 35. Seetharaman, A., Moorthy, M., Saravanan, A. (2008). Outsourcing Of Internal Audit And Independence Of Auditors.Corporate Ownership And Control,5(4), 11-14. Sulistyowati, L., Supriyati, S. (2016). The effect of experience, competence, independence, and professionalism of auditors on fraud detection.The Indonesian Accounting Review,5(1), 95. Zerni, M., Haapamki, E., Jrvinen, T., Niemi, L. (2012). Do Joint Audits Improve Audit Quality? Evidence from Voluntary Joint Audits.European Acco

Global Trade Imbalance

Introduction Balance of trade is referred as the distinction between monetary significance of imports and exports of output in an economy over a specific time. This is the correlation between exports and imports of a country. Global imbalances are the major contributors to the global crisis experienced today.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Global Trade Imbalance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since economic crises have moved from financial markets to actual economies in nations all over the globe, governments have reasonably paid attention on short term measures to control the damage. Crafting financial bailouts and stimulus packages to deal with immediate issues has been for various reasons a main concern for policy makers. Legislators must move beyond such steps and deal with the root cause of the crisis which is the imbalances between investment and savings in major nations. These imbalances are ca used by some nations like the United States when they run huge current accounts deficits while other nations like China uphold huge surpluses (Yuechun 1). The global economic imbalances related to the trade deficit of the United States are largely seen as a crucial underlying factor behind the Great depression as well as economic crisis of 2008. For many years, global trade has grown significantly much faster compared to the total global production. The development of the technological possibilities of capital flows and trade and the reduction of laws on the transportation of products and capital between different nations have made economies more open simultaneously as the nations have become increasingly interdependent. In the last few decades, the world growth has shown some extensive and significant patterns. Recent developments in the global economic imbalance After the 2nd world war, the western nations showed a rapid growth. At the present, Asia and most especially China has b een the growth winner. In the 1960s, the per capita income of Africa and Asia was the same however, since then these two continents have showed a discrepancy where Africa has not grown while Asia has largely developed. The fast developing nations have a lot of cheap labor but few natural resources.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The effect of this has always been increased costs on natural resources and reduced prices on manufactured products. This change in price has profited the nations which import manufactured products and export natural resources. Globalization has also increased global macroeconomic imbalances. A majority of developed nations have increased their foreign or public debt whereas China has had large surpluses of current accounts. At the moment, many people would agree that the current trade imbalances are the main cause of the current global fin ancial crisis and the economic imbalances are not sustainable. These differences are clearly indicated in the financial and monetary policies and associated financial issues between developed and developing countries. These diversities are very crucial to international trade which is why global imbalance in trade has been growing gradually. Global trade imbalance has become one of the harshest issues facing the normal growth of the global economy. With the development of economic globalization, imbalance of the global economy has increasingly become outstanding (Yuechun 1). Global economic imbalances are marked by external imbalance among nations in the areas of trade account, gaps between the rich and the poor, the global investments, and internal imbalances in the facets of saving, consumption, and debt as a result of macroeconomic policies in various nations. Currently, the issue of global imbalances has become the issue of annual reports of the main global economic organizations and the major subject of the major international conferences which fueled extensive debates in the circles of academics. The global imbalances emerge as the deficit of trade and balance of payment of America. The main cause of the deficits in America is the large surplus that some nations like China hold which are the results of globally undervaluing and controlling currencies.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Global Trade Imbalance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Global economic imbalances concern the trade deficit of the United States which is equal to the trade surplus of the rest of the globe. At the center of the global economy are nations like Europe, North America, and emerging economies which concentrate on exports. Recently, the resource exporting nations have run aggregate trade surplus on the back of the higher commodity prices. In the North American region, the United States has run huge tr ade deficits with trade partners of NAFTA including Mexico and Canada. Monetary policies and exchange rates The global economic crisis affects both the regulation of financial institutions and the macroeconomic policies; particularly policies of exchange rates and monetary policies both at the global and national levels. The past few decades have been marked by partial low inflation and macroeconomic volatility in the developed countries (Gerlach 1). This forced various central banks in both developing and developed nations to concentrate on domestic targets of inflation and national short term interest rates therefore enabling other vital elements like exchange rate to be totally determined by the market forces. The current financial crisis and the undesirable position of various economies with huge deficits of current accounts have indicated that the present structure for exchange rate and monetary policies produce provisionally a lucrative opportunity for exploratory actions whic h have destabilizing impact. Such an experience calls for more and better global economic coordination to stay away from imbalances of current account and undesirable trade. Owing to the looming depreciation and the depreciation of the American dollar, the United States trade deficit is diminishing. Nevertheless, in a majority of nations there is no correlation of the rates of exchange and neither is an end to the sight of destabilization speculations.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These speculations are still moving exchange rates in the wrong position in spite of increasing and large current account deficits experienced in various regions and nations. Managers of banks have been criticized for openly displaying uncontrolled lending and failure to pay attention to the risks facing their organizations. Policymakers are also sleeping on their jobs. Few decades ago, central bankers were praised for understanding inflation as well as the business cycle but this is no longer feted. The public would blame this on the global imbalances including the pattern of a huge and relentless deficit of current accounts in the United States (Gerlach 1). Bad incentives, careless controls, and inactive regulation all have done simple damage to the global economic system. However, economic imbalances were the major cause of the whole problem. A numerous number of academicians and regulators are convinced that global economic imbalance is the source of the present financial crisis . Savings and investments Economists had previously predicted that the United States would destabilize its economy through borrowing from other countries. Since 1992, the current account has been indicating a downward trend. In the year 2006, the United States needed to sell assets or borrow from other countries in order to pay for the continuous shortages. Deficits should not be harmful and most particularly if they fund profitable investment. Concerns came from economists and other citizens that the consumption increase of the United States would take the nation into deeper problems because other nations would be hesitant to lend to America. This would cause a sudden stoppage of financing and a fall in the value of the dollar. China recently has faced increased political challenges with the constant growth of its economy. From the beginning of 2004, external imbalances have increased geographically and there has been a significant change in the rates of investment and savings. How ever, the large pattern which developed after 1996 is still in existence. The America’s current account deficit has further broadened in the last few years. The increase of the United States deficit basically shows an increase in the rates of investment from 19% in 2004 to 20% in 2006. The saving rate of America did not change in this period (Drysdale 1). In the meantime, $350 billion is the amount by which the total current account surplus of emerging market economies expanded and about all the economic expansion was accredited to an increased total saving rate. China is the main contributor of a large fraction of this increased development because it had an increased surplus of current account of approximately 3.6% $180 billion in 2004 which grew to in 2004 to 9.4% of GDP in 2006. This increase in the current account surplus of China is accredited to the increase in the rate of saving between these two years (Drysdale 1). Contributing to the high rates of saving is the fast growth rate in China causing a rapid growth of income whereas there is no readily available credit of customers. Another factor which contributes to the high rates of saving in China is the decision by the regulators to restrict the appreciation of the currency hence, limiting the demand of imports and increasing exports. Oil prices and Oil exporters The increase in the prices of oil has been followed by a large increase in the prices of a variety of other products. This collective increase in price has pushed the CPI up in various developing and developed nations. A part from their effect on the CPI, increase in oils prices also impacted the prices of other products for which oil is a vital intermediate element. This raises an alarm among those in charge of monetary policy and has promoted calls for thorough pre-emptive action by the central banks against the acceleration of the inflation. In emerging market nations, the growth of the total balance of current accounts has been con tributed by oil exporters. For the nations in the Middle East as well as the former Soviet Union the total balance of current account between 2004 and 2006 increased to about $150 billion (Gerlach 1). This increase is also wholly reflected by a growth in the rates of savings a huge fraction of the increased revenue which comes from increased oil prices since continues to be saved by exporters of oil (Gerlach 1). Contrary to the case in developing markets, the aggregate surplus of current account for developed nations apart from America has currently reduced from approximately $350 billion in 2004 to about $200 in 2006. A bigger part of this decline indicated a steep decline in balance of the euro-area. Therefore, contrary to the 1996-2004 periods except for America, industrial nations and developed nations have taken up a fraction of the increase in the total capital supply emerging from developing market economies. Aggregately, the current reduction in current account balances of i ndustrial economies other than the United States indicates a growth in rates of investments but rates of savings have largely remained the same. From the last few years the emerging markets have had an increase in the current account and saving surpluses. In the same period in the industrial nations current accounts have further plunged into deficits basically because of increased investment rates (Gerlach 1). The basic elements of the international saving glut still remain even though some elements have changed. The international markets are supplied financial capital by nations of the emerging market and producers of oil. The blends of the fund suppliers and the factors which motivate the supply have changed considerably. The larger share of aggregate surplus of developing nations is attributed to oil exporters and China. In the last few decades, the expansion of the total supply of saving of the region basically indicates a growth in the preferred saving by the emerging market na tions while the preceding growth in the total saving included some reduction in the preferred investments in East Asia following the 1990 financial crisis. Policies of exchange rate have also affected the preferred savings in Asia. Additional growth in total capital flow from developing nations other things being constant should have further discouraged real rates of interest globally. Although interest rates have increased currently, this does not mean that the global saving glut has been driven away. It implies that, the preferred total investment of preferred saving should have increased in the industrial nations enough to counteract any growth in the desired saving by emerging market nations. In the last few decades, the total demand for saving in the industrial nations has increased due to economic growth and this has somehow increased the international real rates of interest. The current instability in financial markets and the shareholders demand to have bigger compensation h as had an effect on the premiums due to the unsustainable low levels. Global imbalances have played a key role in the occurrence of the financial crisis by discouraging real rates of interest and supporting the search for yield. Central banks around the world were not the ones responsible for triggering this phenomenon but they accommodated it (Yuechun 1). Macroeconomic policy The monetary policy is not the best way of dealing with current global imbalances and the resulting capital flows and developments of asset price. Therefore, much significance should be attached to fiscal policy. Even if global cooperation is advantageous, it is not expected to attain so much every time there is a conflict with vital domestic policy matters. Nonetheless, the agreements reached at the G-20 summit in Pittsburg increase people’s expectations that cooperation can and will be improved. From 1996, the current account deficits of the United States rose steadily and peaked in 2005 reaching 1.65 % of world GDP and later contracting in 2006 to 2008. The deficits were predicted to further decline in 20009 through to 2010. Huge deficits were run by nations in Eastern Europe, Ireland, United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain, and Greece which are also current account deficit nations. Balancing these deficits were the huge surpluses operated by Japan, Germany, China, and a collection of emerging market nations from Asia. At the time of the financial crisis, the monetary policy was not strict enough and this was its main problem. It did not allow lowering of the interest rates before the existing recession is just a negligible mistake. Current account balance definitely show decisions of households and institutions to save and invest as well decisions of the government sector to finance existing spending through borrowing or taxation. Economic imbalances are therefore the consequence of choices of a big collection of economic agents at home and abroad because ignoring measurement matters, the current account deficit must be equal to zero. It is not advantageous to have the current accounts of all nations in equilibrium. Income expectations are very crucial because fast growth of the economy would cause deficits in the current accounts since the economy spends against future income. People therefore expect to experience deficits in many transition countries which they do, and surpluses in Japan and Germany which are developing gradually for structural situations such as aging populations and inexistence structural reform. China and several emerging countries from Asia are running huge surpluses. The reason for this is that due to the 1997-1998 financial crises in Asia which came after a huge price increase in assets which was characterized by a large increase in capital stock, investment obviously went down causing a huge imbalance between savings and investments and a surplus of the current account (NTNU 1). More of the facets which were in support of the shift were the necessity to restructure reserves of foreign exchange after the crisis, the aspiration of making sure that the situation does not reoccur by accumulating huge reserves of foreign exchange, the reluctance in various economies to experience the appreciation of real exchange rates due to the costs that would have on the income distribution, and unavailability of social safety nets which became apparent in the crisis and supported private saving. This indicates that imbalances of the current accounts have many causes and indicate a wide variety of past and present economic policies. Global cooperation (opening borders) The historic dedication of global leaders to develop the millennium development goals has restated the simple and plain fact that the important element to make the world a better place for living in is a global cooperation. The function of global trade in this view is very clear because it has always been an acknowledged suggestion that a non-discriminatory and easy multilateral trading system can lead to growth and development. A successful ending of the Doha Development Round of negotiations will greatly help global governments in attaining the millennium development goals. The recent developments in the global economy have led to a more cooperative trading setting for governments to make use of their comparative advantage. The global economy in 2004 recorded a total tremendous performance with the highest expansion of output in more than a decade. The World Bank stated that developing economies fully share in this expansion because they experienced their fastest growth in GDP in the past few decades. Growth of trade was strong with the share of the developing nations in the merchandise exports reaching 31% in a 50 year peak (Drysdale 1). The reasons for such a success include the increase in the prices of goods from robust international demand for raw materials and a strong expansion in the exports of manufactured products. Such reasons have greatly contributed to the enhancement of LCDs’ export performance and also explain the reason in 2004, all the major developing nations; particularly Asian economies had surpluses in both current accounts and trade. The emergence of China as one of the main traders of manufactured products in the world has had a positive impact on the global trade. In 2004, the share of China of the global exports was twice the same level a decade ago by 8%. In recent years, the role of China as the market for raw materials has sharply increased. In 2004, the share of China in the global fuels imports was approximately 4.5%. However, in 2004, the total performance of trade was blurred by the presence of huge imbalances in current accounts especially between East Asia and the United States. The economic imbalances broadened in 2005, a situation which poses various risks for the future expansion of the international economy and particularly for global trade. The current account deficit of the United States is equal to 7% of global trade products and a reduction or stabilization of this deficit through a slowdown of the imports of the United States could have a severe impact on the expectations of international trade expansion. 2004 is possibly a reflection of trade and economic development (NTNU 1). A majority of economic predictors forecast that international trade and expansion of output in developing and developed nations will be weaker in coming years compared to 2004. As a result of the strong 9% global trade growth in 2004, the secretariat of World Trade Organization forecasts growth of real trade to be 6.5% by 2010. The data that supports this forecast indicates a steeper slow down of trade in Asia and Eastern Europe. World Trade Organization members are eagerly waiting for the world economic situation to improve. The results of their negotiations are an essential input to the efforts of the global community to attain the millennium development goals. Global trad e can be a very effective and powerful driver for alleviating poverty and improving the well being of the economy. The effectiveness of global trade depends on a wide range of issues. It is very exciting to note that developed economies are not waiting for the completion of negotiations so as to improve the access of market opportunities for developing economies. In the year 2003 approximately two thirds of exports from developing nations entered the markets of developed countries duty free (NTNU 1). Also developed countries allowed about two thirds of exports from less developed nations to enter their markets duty free. In the last few years, these numbers have been gradually rising but in spite of such accomplishments there is a lot which can be done to further improve global trade. Various studies have indicated that the level of protection residue in the developed nations is discriminatory against products of export interest to less developed and developing economies. The suppor t offered by the governments of developed nations to their agricultural sector still limits access of markets for agricultural exports from developing nations. Governments in developing countries have been strict in their commitment to contribute towards developing an open and free system of trading. However, they realize that a lot of work needs to be done in order to open their markets particularly to merchandise originating from other developing nations. In developing countries, the average taxes are much more than those of developed nations. A reduction in such barriers to trade can stimulate global trade. The involvement of the multilateral and global trade system is not restricted to Millennium development goals and alleviation of poverty. Improved access of markets for all traded products with an efficient multilateral system based on rules may help the efforts to accomplish the MDGs related to the environment and health. Trade negotiation cannot define the success in accompl ishing the MDGs. The issue here is making trade work as a means for development which can only take place when openness is realized in a situation of logical economic policies. Successful negotiations which concentrate on conditions of accessing markets and committed support from the government in agriculture together with conditions of debt access and improved support will put national governments in a better position to accomplish the MDGs. Conclusion Due to the undesirable fluctuations in the market for real estate the growth of the United States was restricted. Even though the private consumption continued to grow, the market for housing developed slowly, investments were at a very low level, and the slow demand did not permit successful development of the industry. According to international monetary fund, an increase in the United States’ growth rates in 2007 is predicted to be 2.2% and the growth may continue to increase. The economy of China developed slowly at the st art of 2006 particularly because of unpredicted consumption deterioration but the growth was rapid in the second quarter of the year. Owing to the likelihood of a decline in exports and irregular private consumption, the economy of Japan was estimated to be at 2.3% in 2008. In 2006, the old EU members experienced a stable national demand and a growth in investments. Positive indicators were seen in the labor market evident in a low rate of unemployment. In addition, increased growth rates were indicated by the new EU member states. The exports have rather increased rapidly including the increasing demand from the old EU member states. Increases have also been indicated the rate of employment and in the national demand. The stated risks include a decline of external demand and downturn of financial conditions. Investors from overseas may be unwilling to invest in this global region in the future. According to the calculations of the IMF therefore, the growth in this region in 2007 wa s slightly slower compared to 2006 but come 2008 the growth decreased slightly. Since 2006, the section of common wealth of independent states has been growing successfully. The origin of the growth is basically exports encouraged by the increase in the prices of energy products as well as the steadily growing domestic demand. The status of current accounts of oil exporting nations has really gotten better. However, the current accounts of the other nations have gone down owing to the growing imports. Since the export demand and imports are decreasing these nations may experienced a decrease in growth in the future. Works Cited Drysdale, Peter. â€Å"Fixing global economic imbalances†. EastAsiaForum: Economics,  politics and public policy in East Asia and the pacific. (2011). Web. Gerlach, Stefan. â€Å"Future development of global imbalance†. University of Frankfurt:  Institute for monetary and financial stability. (2010). Web. NTNU Globalization Research Programm e. â€Å"Research focus area: Global economics flows, governance and stability†. Norwegian university of science and stability. Web. Yuechun, Jiang. â€Å"Imbalance of the world economy and challenges to the G2o†. China  institute of international studies. (2011). Web. This research paper on Global Trade Imbalance was written and submitted by user Natalia Brennan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The scientific method Essay Example

The scientific method Essay Example The scientific method Essay The scientific method Essay Laboratory Objectives After completing this lab topic, you should be able to: 1. Identify and characterize questions that can be answered through selecting investigation. 2. Define hypothesis and explain what characterizes a good selecting hypothesis. 3. Identify and describe the components of a scientific experiment. 4. Summarize and present results in tables and graphs. 5. Discuss results and critique experiments. 6. Design a scientific experiment. 7. Interpret and communicate results. Introduction Biology is the study of the phenomena of life, and biologists observe living systems ND organisms, ask questions, and propose explanations for those observations. Science assumes that biological systems are understandable and can be explained by fundamental rules or laws. Scientific Investigations share some common elements and procedures, which are referred to as the scientific method. Not all scientists follow these procedures in a strict fashion, but each of the elements is usually present. Science is a creative human endeavor that involves asking questions, making observations, developing explanatory hypotheses, and testing those hypotheses. Scientists closely scrutinize investigations in their field, and each scientist must present his or her work at scientific meetings or in professional publications, providing evidence from observations and experiments that supports the scientists explanations of biological phenomena. Read the following example and answer the questions that follow. Agricultural scientists were concerned about the effect of air pollution, sulfur dioxide in particular, on soybean production in fields adjacent to coal-powered power plants. Based on initial investigations, they proposed that sulfur dioxide in high concentrations would reduce reproduction in soybeans. They designed an experiment to test this hypothesis (Figure 1). In this experiment, 48 soybean plants, Just beginning to produce flowers, were delved Into two groups, treatment and no treatment. The 24 treated plants were delved Into four groups of 6. One group of 6 treated plants was placed in a fumigation chamber and exposed to 0. 6 pimp (parts power plant. The experiment was repeated on the remaining three treated groups. The no-treatment plants were placed similarly in groups of 6 in a second fumigation hammer and simultaneously exposed to filtered air for 4 hours. Following the experiment, all plants were returned to the greenhouse. When the beans matured, the number of bean pods, the number of seeds per pod, and the weight of the pods were determined for each plant. Figure 1 . Experimental Design for soybean experiment. The experiment was repeated four times. Soybeans were fumigated for 4 hours. Determining the Variables Read the description of each category of variable; then identify the variable described in the preceding investigation. The variables in an experiment must be Leary defined and measurable. The investigator will identify and define dependent, independent, and controlled variables for a particular experiment. A) The Dependent Variable Within the experiment, one variable will be measured or counted or observed in response to the experimental conditions. This variable is the dependent variable. For the soybeans, several dependent variables are measured, all of which provide information about reproduction. What are the dependent variables? B) The Independent Variable The scientist will choose one variable, or experimental condition, to manipulate. This arable is considered the most important variable by which to test the investigators hypothesis and is called the independent variable. What was the independent variable? Can you suggest other variables that the investigator might have changed that would have had an effect on the dependent variables? He dependent variables, only one independent variable is usually chosen. Why is it important to have only one independent variable? Why is it acceptable to have more than one dependent variable? C) Controlled Variables Consider the variables that you identified as alternative independent variables. Although they are not part of the hypothesis being tested in this investigation, they would ha ve significant effects on the outcome of this experiment. These variables must, therefore, be kept constant during the course of the experiment. They are known as the controlled variables. The underlying assumption in experimental design is that the selected independent variable is the one affecting the dependent variable. This is only true if all other variables are controlled. What are the controlled variables in this experiment? What variables other than those you may have already listed can you now suggest? Choosing or Designing the Procedure The procedure is the stepwise method, or sequence of steps, to be performed for the experiment. It should be recorded in a laboratory notebook before initiating the experiment, and any exceptions or modifications should be noted during the experiment. The procedures may be designed from research published in scientific journals, through collaboration with colleagues in the lab or other institutions, or by means of ones own novel and creative ideas. The process of outlining the procedure includes determining control treatment(s), levels of treatments, and numbers of applications. The value set for the independent variable is called the level of treatment. For this experiment, the value was determined based on previous research and preliminary measurements of sulfur dioxide emissions. The scientists may select a range of concentrations from no sulfur dioxide to an extremely high concentration. The levels should be based on knowledge of the system and the biological significance of the treatment level. What was the level of treatment in the soybean experiment? B) Replication Scientific investigations are not valid if the conclusions drawn from them are based n one experiment with one or two individuals. Generally, the same procedure will be repeated several times (replication), providing consistent results. Notice that scientists do not expect exactly the same results inasmuch as individuals and their responses will vary. Results from replicated experiments are usually averaged and may be further analyzed using statistical tests. Describe replication in the soybean experiment. C) Control The experiment design includes a control in which the independent variable is held at an established level or is omitted. The control or control treatment serves as a encroach that allows the scientist to decide whether the predicted effect is really due to the independent variable. What was the control treatment in this experiment? What is the difference between the control and the controlled variables discussed previously? EXERCISE II: DESIGNING AN EXPERIMENT In this exercise, the entire class, working together, will practice investigating a question using what you have learned so far about the scientific process. Cardiovascular fitness can be determined by measuring a persons pulse rate and respiration rate before and after a given time of aerobic exercise. A person who is more fit may have a relatively slower pulse rate and a lower respiratory rate after exercise, and his or her pulse rate should return to normal more quickly than that of a person who is less fit. Your assignment is to investigate the effect of a well-defined, measurable, controllable independent variable on cardiovascular fitness. Specific questions can be asked about an independent variable related to the broad topic of cardiovascular fitness. For example, your question might be Does cigarette smoking have an effect on cardiovascular fitness? List the questions in the space revived. Choose the best question and propose a testable hypothesis. B) Hypothesis Record the hypothesis chosen by the class. The Experiment A test, called the step test, that is often used for assessing cardiovascular fitness (Sinusitis and Fine, 1987). Here are the basic elements of this test: 1. The subject steps up and down on a low platform, approximately 8 in. From the ground, for 3 minutes at a rate of 30 steps per minute. 2. The subjects pulse rate is measured before the test and immediately after the test. The subject should be sitting quietly when the pulse is counted. Use three fingers to find the pulse in the radial artery (the artery in the wrist, above the thumb). Count the number of beats per minute. (Count the beats for 30 seconds and multiply by 2. ) 3. Additionally, the pulse rate is measured at I-minute intervals after the test until the pulse rate returns to normal (recovery time). Count the pulse for 30 seconds, rest 30 seconds, count 30 seconds, and rest 30 seconds. Repeat this procedure until the pulse returns to normal. Record the number of minutes to return to the normal pulse rate. (Do not record the pulse rate. ) As a group, design an experiment and record the components below: Dependent variable(s): Controlled variables: Control: Level of treatment: Replication: Summarize the experimental designed by your class: Prediction Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then). Following the procedures established by your investigative team, perform the experiment and record your results. Results Record total class results in a Table. Identify the treatment conditions at the top of the table. Presenting and Analyzing Results Once the data are collected, they must be organized and summarized so that the scientists can determine if the hypothesis has been supported or falsified. In this exercise, you will design tables and graphs; the latter are also called figures. Tables and figures have two primary functions. They are used (1) to help you analyze and interpret your results and (2) to enhance the clarity with which you present the work to a reader or viewer. Tables You have collected data from your experiment in the form of a list of numbers that may appear at first glance to have little meaning. Look at your data. How could you organize the data set to make it easier to interpret? You could average the data set or each treatment, but even averages can be rather uninformative. Could you use a summary table to convey the data (in this case, averages)? Table 2 is an example of a table using data averages of the number of seeds per pod and number of pods per plant as the dependent variables and exposure to sulfur dioxide as the independent variable. Note that the number of replicates and the units of measurement are provided in the table and table legend. Table 2. Effects of 4-Hour Exposure to 0. 6 pimp Sulfur Dioxide on Average Seed and Pod Production in Soybeans. Treatment Number Seeds per Pod Pods per Plant intro 243. 26 16 ASS 241. 96 13 Tables are used to present results that have a few too many data points. They are also useful for displaying several dependent variables. For example, average number of bean pods, average number of seeds per pod, and average weight of pods per plant for treated and untreated plants could all be presented in one table. All values of the same kind should read down the column, not across a row. Include only data that are important in presenting the results and for further discussion. Information and results that are not essential (for example: test-tube number, impel calculations, or data with no differences) should be omitted. The headings of each column should include units of measurement, if appropriate. Tables are numbered consecutively throughout a lab report or scientific paper. For example Table 4 would be the fourth table in your report. The title, which is located at the top of the table, should be clear and concise, with enough information to allow the table to be understandable apart from the text. Capitalize the first and important words in the title. Do not capitalize articles (a, an, the), short prepositions, and conjunctions. Refer to each table in the written text. Summarize the data and refer to the table; for example, The plants treated with sulfur dioxide produced an average of 1. 96 seeds per pod (Table 2). Do not write, See the results in Table 2. If you are using a database program, such as Excel, you should still sketch your table on paper before constructing it on the computer. Application 1. Using the data from your experiment, design a summary table to present the results for one of your dependent variables, pulse rate. Your table need not be the same size or design as the sample. In your table, provide units of the dependent arable (pulse rate). Tell the reader how many replications (if any) were used to calculate the averages. 2. Compose a title for your table. Refer to the guidelines in the previous section. Interpreting and Communicating Results The last component of a scientific investigation is to interpret the results and discuss their implications in light of the hypothesis and its supporting literature. The investigator studies the tables and graphs and determines if their hypothesis has been supported or falsified. If the hypothesis has been falsified, the investigator must suggest alternate hypotheses for testing. If the hypothesis has been supported, the investigator suggests additional experiments to strengthen the hypothesis, using the same or alternate methods. Scientists will thoroughly investigate a scientific question, testing hypotheses, collecting data, and analyzing results, until they are satisfied that they can explain the phenomenon of interest. The final phase off scientific investigation is the communication of the results to other scientists. Preliminary results may be presented within a laboratory research group and at scientific meetings where the findings can be discussed. Ultimately, the completed reject is presented in the form of a scientific paper that is reviewed by scientists within the field and published in a scientific Journal. The ideas, procedures, results, other scientists. Because of this, science is sometimes described as self-correcting, meaning that errors that may occur are usually discovered within the scientific community. Scientific communication, whether spoken or written, is essential to science. During this laboratory course, you often will be asked to present and interpret your results at the end of the laboratory period. Additionally, you will write components of a scientific paper for many lab topics.

Childbearing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Childbearing - Essay Example This happens when the mother is drinking alcohol, smoking or using illegal drugs during pregnancy. As vulnerable as he is, the child has no choice whether or not to take these materials since the membrane wherein exchange happens is only a cell thick (Pillitteri, 2007) and minute breaks could surely allow the entrance of materials inside the growing organism's body. With this occurrence, the use of illegal drugs, alcohol and even tobacco smoking is highly discouraged to pregnant women. In the early 1990s, there is a very limited attention in law regarding this case. Though many have been challenged and litigated for using these discouraged drugs while carrying a child inside their wombs, many mothers have been saved. However, the case of Jennifer Clarice Johnson was unique among them. Among an estimated 375,000 children every year being delivered by mothers who use illegal drugs, very few have been tried and convicted. To prevent the dreadful future of these children, authorities have been arresting mothers whose newly-delivered children tested positive for illegal drugs and most cases are from South Carolina and Florida (Lewin, 1992). Jennifer Clarice Johnson is a twenty-three year old African-American woman residing in Florida, who was charged, tried and convicted with two-counts of delivery of illegal substance to a minor through the umbilical cord (Paltrow, 1992). In fact, Johnson was the first woman to be convicted of such case. The charges brought about to the penalty of one-year treatment sentence and fourteen years of probation. The case was filed on account of her two children, a son who was born 1987 and a daughter born 1989. Both children made a positive result for cocaine after being tested and made Ms. Johnson guilty on July the same year she gave birth to her youngest child- the daughter. Johnson admitted to the use of cocaine the day before her delivery of both children though both were delivered healthy and in full-term (Lewin, 1992). However, authorities pursued of trying her into courts which made her guilty of the case. The verdict however, gained media attention and several authorities of law gave their disappointed remarks regarding the ruling because of its unconstitutionality. THE LAW: PROCEDURES AND RULES OF LAW The Florida Supreme Court gave a guilty verdict on the Johnson, vs. State of Florida case due to several rules and laws which the court interpreted as applicable to the case at bar. First is that according to Section 893.13(1) (c) 1. Florida Statutes (1989), any person 18 years of age or older who uses a person under the age of 18 in the delivery of any controlled substance is unlawful (Johnson, vs. State of Florida, 1992). With this statute applied to Florida, the case of Johnson was formulated. After being convicted of the case filed against her, Johnson filed an appeal for the court to reverse the conviction casted upon her. And in the year 1992, the Florida Supreme Court has indeed reversed the ruling due to some more substantiated evidences and interpretations of law. In the Florida statute stated above, there is really a discrepancy in the use of the term delivery. Delivery in the statute unclearly refers to the delivery of drug through a mother's umbilical cord and that the legislative history does not manifest

Hacker Culture and Mitigation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hacker Culture and Mitigation - Assignment Example Since hackers as a collection are chiefly creative, people who describe themselves in part by rejection of normal values and operational habits, it has unusually rich and conscious tradition for global cultures (Gertz, 2012). The basis of hacker culture was born in the computer lab as a result of computer programmers doing all in their authority to request, scrounge or steel computing property. They spend hours working on a computer program while neglecting everything else. Computer network gives them a way to associate with other people with their same interest. Before the introduction of computers, hackers’ world set up and visited bullet board system, where an individual could host a bullet board system on his or her computer and let citizens dial into the organization to send message, share data among others (Pino, 2013). Not all hackers try to investigate prohibited computer systems. A number of users use their talents and knowledge to make better software and safety measures. In fact, numerous hackers who once used their power to smash into systems now put that information and cleverness to use by creating more comprehensive security events. In a way, the Internet is a combat zone among kinds of hackers. The bad guys or black hottest go through systems or multiply virus and the good guys boost defense systems and expand potent virus defense software (Holt, 2010). Hackers on both sides over powering open source software programs in which the basic code is accessible for anybody to study, share out and inform. With open course software, hackers can learn from other hackers experiences and assist each other to make programs function much in good health than they did before the introduction of the internet. Software might range from easy applications to more complex application system. Mitigation refers to the attempt to decrease loss of life and possessions by lessening the effect of a disaster. It is also taking action to ensure that the

Emotionally And Socially Withdrawn Children And Young People Essay

Emotionally And Socially Withdrawn Children And Young People Essay Divorce, marriage breakdowns and separation is an extremely stressful time for all involved but particularly the children/young person. They may begin to lack in confidence and self esteem and become emotionally withdrawn. Due to the family upheaval, the child or young person may begin to loose focus on their own abilities and suffer mentally. In the same degree children and young people from a single parent family may also suffer due to a lack of female/male role model which can cause social stigma. In some households dual parents or lone parents may find they have to work long hours, resulting in little time remaining to focus on direct social, intellectual and emotional support. Some situations cause a child to find themselves becoming part of a step family through their parent meeting a new partner, which could result in friction between children from each side. Because of this particular situation the children or young person may become emotionally and socially withdrawn which c ould lead to an increasing risk of bullying by peers. Various factors have an influence on a child and young persons development process in particular relation to their background. Development is vital and major setbacks at a young age can have a lasting impression on children and young people. Family bereavement is a very traumatic time and experience for children or young people, even when they have been prepared for the worse. Emotional strain is created and outbursts of emotion should be expected during the bereavement period. Socially, children who have been through bereavement may feel different apposed to their peers who havent experienced bereavement. This may result in the child or young person suffering intellectually due to regular absences from nursery or school, their concentration levels and behaviour may also be affected. Moving house can also have an impact on a child and cause some great difficulty as the child has to adapt to a completely new situation, with changing their original nursery/school and having to adapt to a new routine. You may find that in these situations a child/young person may become highly emotional and socially introverted. Health There can be many health aspects that affect a child/young persons development. Children become extremely resilient and are often able to manage their conditions very well; however, certain aspects of their development can prove challenging throughout periods of ill health. Children may suffer from conditions such as asthma, which if not well controlled, can cause children to have extended periods of time off from school. This in turn leads to intellectual development being compromised as well as social development due to relationships not being maintained. Disability in children, whether it be physical or intellectual can be particularly difficult. A child that has a hearing impairment may suffer physically through loss of balance or socially through having to communicate in alternative ways such as sign language/makaton. A physical disability such as Cerebral Palsy can be physically challenging due to being restricted in taking part in certain activities. This can affect social situations due to these restrictions and can affect a child/young person emotionally questioning why they are different causing low self-esteem. Being diagnosed with a serious illness such as cancer as a child/young person can also prove to lead to developmental issues. All areas of development can be compromised, intellectually, through missing school and being too ill to complete set work. They may suffer physically depending on the specific illness causing them to be weak and/or in too much pain and discomfort to complete physical activities. Socially they may be too ill to interact with others and/or maintain friendships. They may also become emotionally withdrawn and find it difficult to cope with their emotions. Allergies affect many children, particularly food allergies; this in turn can lead to social problems as they may become excluded from certain situations where their allergies are not known. In contrast they may feel a certain social stigma as their allergies are highlighted, for example; when eating lunch at school, they may be required to wear a special badge which shows their allergies, causing them to feel different from their peers. They have to be more physically aware of their condition and how this can cause changes in their body and manage this accordingly. Environment Environmental factors can play a huge part in affecting a child/young persons development. These can vary from cultural factors to living conditions. Children/young people from less advantaged backgrounds who live in poverty can have their development seriously compromised. They are less likely to have educational support from parents/carers which in turn creates intellectual problems for the child/young person. This is further influenced by having a lack of learning resources available such as access to computers and books. They may become disillusioned with education from an early age which sets them on a path of social and emotional turmoil. Also, they may suffer socially by not being able to participate in certain paid activities offered through school and outside school which means they interact less in physical activities. They may also feel that they cannot compete with their peers with regards to fashion trends and owning the latest technology. They might not seem to be as physically strong as their peers; parents/carers might experience difficulty in providing healthy, regular meals which can cause problems with their phy sical well-being. Their emotions can seem quite immature at times and they may well become emotionally withdrawn but also prone to emotional outbursts associated with behavioural difficulties, displaying a lack of attention.

Effects of Peer Pressure on the Graduating of Angelicum College Essay

We learners have always been exposed to peer influence, but the kinds of peer influence that they encounter have changed tremendously in the past years. Peers can influence everything from whether or not a student engages in academics or other things. This is an important topic because if society and education related professionals understand the issues surrounding negative peer influence, they are more likely to prevent it and be more adequately prepared to help a teenager facing positive and negative aspects of peer pressure. The researchers dealt with the Effects of Peer Pressure on the Graduating Batch of Angelicum College, school year 2013-2013. The researchers examined the positive and negative effects of peer pressure to the graduating learners. The researchers further attempted to find out whether the students are influenced by their friends in doing their modular activities or are they more motivated to work with their friends. The researchers conducted a survey to the randomly selected learners from the seven moderatorship classes from the graduating batch of Angelicum College school year 2012-2013. The survey was used to elicit the subjects’ perceptions of peer pressure on educational issues. In conducting the survey forms, the researchers used the term ‘friends’ instead of peers and ‘influence’ instead of pressure, so that the subject would not be pressured when answering the survey. The results showed how peer pressure affects the subjects’ academics and school life. The subjects’ answers on their interest in attending to the same college as their peers seem to be in a 50/50 percentage. The analysis further revealed that peer pressure is a major factor to the academic achievement of the learners. The general conclusion emanating from this study was that first; peers exert some influence on the students’ decisions concerning academic activities and aspirational decisions. Secondly, peers are somehow a huge factor for the learners to work on the given modular activities. In general therefore, the researcher concludes that the effect of peer pressure largely affects the learners in their academic pacing. More research needs to be undertaken to compare the data taken from the learners in Angelicum College to the graduating learners in other schools. Also, to know other factors of peer pressure to the graduating learners should be studied to determine the effects on learner susceptibility to peer pressure.

Kellogg’s Risk Assessment Essay

Many inventions are discovered by accident and that is the case of Kellogg’s. In 1898, W.K Kellogg and his brother Dr. John Harvey Kellogg attempted at making granola and failed but their failure led to flaked corn which then became Kellogg’s Corn Flakes. Kellogg’s Company engages in the manufacture and marketing of ready-to-eat cereal and convenience foods. The company’s success is due to the continuous improvement in the product line to adapt to changes in consumers’ taste. The company’s purpose is to do more than simply offer products beneficial to the consumers. The company is always seeking ideas to improve the customer’s experience of consuming the product through the packaging, graphics, and labels. Kellogg’s’ vision is to â€Å"enrich† and offer products that are more environmentally friendly and satisfy the world through foods that matter. Kellogg’s’ activities in the United States are subject to regulations. Some of the government agencies that regulate Kellogg’s include the Food and Drug Administration, Federal Trade Commission and the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce and Labor. The company’s facilities are subject to various U.S. and foreign, federal, state, and local laws and regulations regarding the release of material into the environment and the protection of the environment in other ways. Kellogg’s has an Emerging Issues Team that helps keep their Executive Leadership Team up-to-date of evolving health, nutrition and food safety issues that could potentially impact the consumers and business. In addition, the Crisis Incident Management Team evaluates and manages incidents that can have a high impact on the business such as natural disasters, product recalls and health epidemics. Kellogg’s has a Social Responsibility and Public Policy Committee whose duty is to oversee all aspects of their corporate responsibility approach. The audit Committee is composed of four non-management Directors and they meet with management, internal auditors, and the independent registered public accounting firm to review accounting, internal control, auditing and financial reporting matters. To help prevent fraud and other unethical practices, the board and senior management set the â€Å"tone at the top†. It is important for the company to have a corporate culture that promotes ethical conduct. Kellogg’s has an Office of Ethics and Business Conduct that clarifies company policy or reporting issues related to ethics and business conduct. The Ethics Office provides online training and basic information on legal and regulatory requirements, policies and standards of the Global Code of Ethics. Each year the employees are given a questionnaire that asks about information of relationships or activities that may lead to a conflict of interest and about any known violation of policies or practices. The ethics office support the internal controls that are put into place to ensure employees obey the personal and professional standards. The internal audit program evaluates the appropriateness and effectiveness of these internal controls. In order to have a better understanding of the company’s financials, the ratios give an insight as to how the company is doing compared to the industry. The current ratio can give a sense of the efficiency of a company’s operating cycle or its ability to turn its product into cash. Kellogg’s’ current ratio of .7 compared to the industry ratio of 1.2 suggests that the company would be unable to pay off its obligations if they came due at that point. Companies that have trouble getting paid on their receivables or have long inventory turnover can run into liquidity problems because they are unable to alleviate their obligations. When comparing Kellogg’s’ return on assets ratio of 8 to the industry’s ratio of 10.8, we see that Kellogg’s is not being too effective in converting money it has to invest into net income. Management needs to make clever choices in allocating its resources so that they can make a large profit with little investment. As for the company’s inventory turnover of 6.8 compared to the industry average of 2.9, the ratio shows that Kellogg’s has greater sales efficiency and a lower risk of loss through un-saleable stock. Kellogg faces a potential risk with their long-term debt. Kellogg’s’ long-term debt to equity ratio of 2.49 compared to the industry’s average of .68 indicates that the company has been aggressive in financing its growth with debt. This can result in unstable earnings as a result of the additional interest expense if the company cannot maintain lower interest rates on their long-term debt. The long-term debt from 2010 went from 4,908 million to 5,037 million in 2011. On February 15, 2012 Kellogg’s’ entered into an agreement to acquire Pringles, owned by Procter & Gamble’s, for $2.695 billion. The purchase comes with some risks for Kellogg’s shareholders since the transaction is intended to be funded by international cash and issuance of about $2 billion of short and long-term debt. The company’s strategy to pay down the debt requires limiting share repurchases to employee option exercises for the next two years. To ensure that the employees provide long-term performance, the company uses stock-based compensation, including stock options, restricted stock and executive performance shares. When comparing the operating profit from 2010 of $1,990 million to 2011 operating profit of $1,976 million, there is a decline which was negatively impacted by the supply chain investments and reestablishment of the incentive compensation program as a result of the company’s strong pay-for-performance orientation. The table below shows the $6.4 million increase in key executive compensation from 2010 to 2011. The increase is mainly due to salary increase and restricted stock award and securities options increase. The management compensation plan that is tied to profit results may cause management to provide erroneous numbers. It seems today everyone is going â€Å"green† and therefore consumers are paying close attention to how their food is made and where it is sourced. With that in mind, Kellogg’s has begun to use only sustainably grown palm oil in Europe. The company has invested in Green Pal sustainable palm oil certificates to encourage the expansion of more responsible palm oil farms. Kellogg’s’ faces a challenge in addressing the growing concern against destructive agricultural practices that has alarmed many companies into ensuring their ingredients are environmentally friendly. Kellogg’s’ faces growing urgency as more consumers shy away from products containing palm oil if they cannot verify the source. Kellogg’s’ has to keep up with the â€Å"green† mentality and do what it takes to educate their consumers about their environmentally friendly products. In conclusion, Kellogg’s appears to be an acceptable client. There are several areas of the company that require attention for example the long-term debt and the acquisition of Pringles. Also, going â€Å"green† is an issue that can be challenging to the company since they have to address the concern against destructive agricultural practices. Overall, I look forward to working with Kellogg Company and being of assistance. WORKS CITED Kaye, Leon. â€Å"Kellogg’s Commits to Sustainable Agriculture and Water Stewardship.† 24 April 2012. 18 Jan. 2013. < http://www.triplepundit.com/2012/04/kelloggs-sustainable- agriculture-water-stewardship-2011-corporate-responsibility-report/>. â€Å"Kellogg Company† DailyFinance. 17 Jan. 2013 . â€Å"Kellogg Company.† Morningstar. 18 Jan. 2013 . Kellogg’s. 2012. 18 Jan. 2013